អ្នកណាជាអ្នកផ្តើមគំនិតបង្កើតគ្រាប់បែកប្រល័យលោក(នុយក្លេអ៊ែ)

គ្រាប់បែកបារ៉ូម៉ាណូរឺហៅម្យ៉ាងទៀតថាគ្រាប់បែកអាតូមិច(Atomic Bomb) ត្រូវបានបង្កើត ឡើងពីសារធាតុអ៊ុយរ៉ាញ៉ូម(Uraniun-235) ដែល វាត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ដើម្បីបញ្ចប់សង្គ្រាមលោក លើកទី២ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៤៥។  តាមពិតការផ្តួចផ្តើមគំនិតនៃការ បង្កើតគ្រាប់ បែកអាតូមិចនេះគឺជាពួកនាស៊ី (Nazi)អាឡឺម៉ង់ ក្នុងគោលបំណងដើម្បីគ្រប់ គ្រងពិភពលោកទៅវិញទេ។ ពួកនាស៊ីអាឡឺ ម៉ង់បានបញ្ជាឲ្យលោក អាល់បឺត អេនស្ទេន 
(Albert Einstein) ដែលជាអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្រ្តទី១ លើលោក និងអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្រ្តអាឡឺម៉ង់ ដទៃទៀតស្រាវជ្រាវសារធាតុអ៉ុយរ៉ាញ៉ូម មកធ្វើជាគ្រាប់ បែកអាតូមិច ប៉ុន្តែដោយមិនចង់ ឲ្យអាឡឺម៉ង់គ្រប់គ្រងពិភពលោកបាននៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៣៩ លោក អាល់បឺត អេនស្ទេន ដែលជាជនជាតិអាឡឺម៉ង់ បានសរសេរលិខិតមួយច្បាប់ មកលោកប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក ហ្វ្រេងក្លីន ដឺ រ៉ូសវេល (President Franklin D. Roosevelt)អំពីគោល​បំណងរបស់អាឡឺម៉ង់ក្នុងការ បង្កើតគ្រាប់បែកប្រល័យលោក(Atomic Bomb) ក្នុងលិខិតនោះ លោក អាល់បឺត ក៏បានបង្ហាញ អំពីរូបមន្តក្នុងការបង្កើតសារធាតុអ៉ុយរ៉ាញ៉ូម(Uraniun-235) ដើម្បី 

បង្កើតគ្រាប់បែកអាតូមិចផងដែរ។ ភ្លាមៗ ក្រោយពីទទួលបានព័ត៌មាននេះរដ្ឋាភិបាលអាមេរិក ក៏បានចាប់ផ្តើមបង្កើតគម្រោងមួយ ដែលហៅថា ម៉ាន់ហាតតាន់ "The Manhattan Project." ដើម្បីស្រាវជ្រាវបង្កើតគ្រាប់បែកអាតូ មិចឲ្យបានមុនអាឡឺម៉ង់។ លោក រ៉ូបើតអូពេនហៃមើ 
(Robert Oppenheimer) ជាអ្នកដឹក នាំគម្រោង  Manhattan Project និងមានអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្រ្ត ជាសហការីជាច្រើនអ្នកទៀតដូចជា David Bohm, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, Otto Frisch, Rudolf Peierls, Felix Bloch, Niels Bohr, Emilio Segre, James Franck, Enrico Fermi, Klaus Fuchs and Edward Teller។ គម្រោងនេះ ត្រូវបានចំណាយពេលដល់ទៅជាង៦ឆ្នាំ (១៩៣៩-១៩៤៥) និងចំណាយ លុយច្រើនជាង ២ពាន់លានដុល្លារ។ គ្រាប់បែកអាតូមិចត្រូវបាន ប្រើប្រាស់ពីរគ្រាប់គឺលើកទីមួយ នៅទីក្រុង ហឺរ៉ូស៊ីម៉ានៅថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៥ ដោយ គ្រាប់បែកអាតូមិចឈ្មោះLittle Boy គ្រាប់បែកទីពីរត្រូវបានទំលាក់នៅទីក្រុងណាកាសាគី នៅថ្ងៃ ទី៩ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៥ដោយគ្រាប់ បែកឈ្មោះ Fat Man ។  

 

ជប៉ុនបានយល់ព្រមចុះចាញ់ដោយ គ្មានលក្ខខណ្ឌនៅថ្ងៃទី១០ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៥។ តាមពិតអ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវក៏មិននឹកស្មានថាគ្រាប់ បែកអាតូមិចមានកំលាំងថាមពលខ្លាំងដល់ កំរិតនោះដែរ ជាមួយនឹងការរកឃើញនូវបច្ចេកវិទ្យាថ្មី នេះបានធ្វើឲ្យពិភពលើកភ័យខ្លាច និងបានបញ្ចប់នូវសង្គ្រាមលើកទី២។  នេះជាមូលហេតុដែល ពិភពលោកទាំងមូលឲ្យតំលៃ ទៅលោក អាល់ប៊ឺត អេនស្ទេន ជាអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្រ្តទីមួយ និងនាំមកនូវរដ្ឋកាលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ដល់ពិភពលោក។

The Start and End of World War II The experience for Today

World War II (WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, though related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centers (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities, these made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history.

The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937, but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom. From late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Based on the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbors, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. For a year starting in late June 1940, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth were the only Allied forces continuing the fight against the European Axis powers, with campaigns in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, the aerial Battle of Britain and the Blitz bombing campaign, as well as the long-running Battle of the Atlantic. In June 1941, the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union, opening the largest land theatre of war in history, which trapped the major part of the Axis' military forces into a war of attrition. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European territories in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific.

The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, and Germany was defeated in North Africa and then, decisively, at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union. In 1943, with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front, the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender, and Allied victories in the Pacific, the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands.

The war in Europe ended with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet and Polish troops and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945. Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively. With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent, the possibility of additional atomic bombings, and the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan and invasion of Manchuria, Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945. Thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies and it was the Experiences for Mankind.

World War II
Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945 (6 years and 1 day)[a] Location Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa and Horn of Africa, briefly North and South America
Participants
Allies	Axis
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai-shek	Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito[b] Benito Mussolini
Casualties and losses
Military dead: Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 45,000,000 Total dead: Over 61,000,000 (1937–45)	Military dead: Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead: Over 4,000,000 Total dead: Over 12,000,000 (1937–45)