Monday, November 30, 2015

The Seven Natural Wonders of the World



A list of the seven natural wonders of the world as noted by CNN and seven natural wonders. org. Places and phenomenon noted for great natural beauty and immense scale.
 
 
If the Seven Wonders of the World demonstrate the human race's most impressive creations, then the Seven Wonders of the Natural World are proof — if proof is needed — that Mother Nature is just as talented an architect. Compiled by CNN and Seven Natural Wonders in 1997, this list spans all 7 continents, and includes some of the greatest heights of the earth and depths of the oceans, some lesser known sites, and some well-known features that you may have already visited yourself.

While the list of Natural Wonders is often disputed, these seven locations are generally agreed upon as being among the most breathtaking natural sights anywhere in the world.


The Grand Canyon

Situated in Arizona, USA, the 277-mile long Grand Canyon is a truly awe-inspiring sight. The canyon, up to a mile deep and some 18 miles wide at its broadest, was forged by the unstoppable course of the Colorado River. Scientists estimate that the river first carved out its path more than 17 million years ago, exposing a wealth of information on the geological history of the region as it cut through the land. While in recent years increased safety measures have prevented visitors from approaching the edge of the canyon quite as closely they would like, the Grand Canyon site is still a popular tourist destination for anyone wishing to catch a glimpse of nature at its most powerful and majestic.

Parícutin
One of the lesser-known entries on the list of Natural Wonders, Parícutin is just as impressive as many more well known landmarks. This particular wonder is an example of a near perfect cinder cone volcano located in Michoacán, Mexico. What sets this particular volcano apart from the many others around the world is that modern scientists were able to observe and document every stage of its lifespan – from creation to extinction – as it happened. Over the course of the 1940s and 1950s, visiting experts and residents of the region were able to witness the volcano growing from a fissure in a cornfield to a mountainous height of 1,391 ft. Erupting for 19 years, the volcano went quiet in 1952, never expected to erupt again.

Aurora
Seen in both polar regions of the planet, this dazzling light show is aptly referred to as the Northern (or Southern) Lights. Unlike most of the entries on this list, you can view an aurora from many different locations around the world; the higher the latitude, the more likely you are to see them. While most of the Natural Wonders of the World play out on land or at sea, aurora are an unforgettable sight that can only be witnessed by looking to the skies. The effect is brought on by charged cosmic particles entering and interacting with the Earth's atmosphere, causing vivid colours to be painted across the night sky. Humans have speculated about the cause of this night-time display of colour endlessly for centuries, with references to the lights being found in texts from Ancient Greece, in stories from Norse Mythology, and sources from Medieval England.

Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls & Purple Sky at Dusk, Zambia. As the Zambezi River crosses the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe, its waters descend 355 feet down the astonishing Victoria Falls. The waterfall was named in 1855 for the reigning English monarch, Queen Victoria, by Scottish explorer David Livingstone during his famous journey across Africa. The indigenous name Mosi-oa-Tunya – or The Smoke that Thunders – is still in use locally, and in 2013 the government of Zimbabwe announced plans to officially rename the falls as such. Victoria Falls isn't the highest or the broadest waterfall on the planet, but when taking both attributes into consideration, it qualifies as the largest. One particular highlight for visitors is the so-called 'Devil's Pool' that typically forms between September and December. The seasonally lowered level of the Zambezi river, combined with a rock barrier, make it possible to swim in a relatively sedate pool mere feet away from the edge of the falls. However, it's far from the safest option; several deaths have been reported in recent years. 

Harbour of Rio de Janeiro
Summer Sunrise on Rio de Janeiro Harbour, Brazil – Thinkstock.com
Guanabara Bay is a 19-mile stretch of land just to the east of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in Brazil. More than 100 islands are situated around the bay, including the car-free Paquetá Island, and Villegagnon Island, the site of the Brazilian Naval School. While the bay once boasted a vibrant and diverse ecosystem, recent decades have seen the perils of urbanization wreak havoc on this once-beautiful environment. Thankfully, legislation put in place ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympic Games in Rio stipulates a requirement for the country's government to reinvigorate attempts to return the bay to its former glory. While there are doubts as to whether these plans will be executed as expected, locals and ecologists around the world remain hopeful that it's not too late to save this particular wonder.

Great Barrier Reef
Clownfish Poking Out of Anenome, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Made up of nearly 3,000 individual reefs and almost 1,000 islands over a span of 1,400 miles, to truly understand the sheer scale of the Great Barrier Reef, you need to see it to believe it. While the Great Wall of China is often mistakenly described as being visible from space, astronauts and satellites have managed to capture images of the Barrier Reef.
Constructed by billions of minuscule organisms called coral polyps, the reef is a globally recognized landmark of Australia, and a point of pride for Australians around the globe. Lots of work is done each year to ensure that the delicate ecosystem of the reef is preserved for future generations; central to this effort is the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, a protective designation established in 1975 meant to protect the reef and the species within it.
Mount Everest
Last, but certainly not least, is the world's highest point. Known as Sagarmāthā in Nepal, and Chomolungma in Tibet, Mount Everest is one of the most iconic natural features of the globe. At 29,029 feet tall, it's ranked first among mountains for both elevation and prominence. The five entries below it on the list of the world's highest peaks all name Everest as their parent mountain.
The first recorded attempts to scale Everest were made in the 1920s by British mountaineers, but it would take more than three decades until Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealander Edmund Hilary managed to reach the summit in 1953.

Today, climbing Everest isn't quite the unassailable goal that it once was — but those looking to do so still have to be in peak physical condition, and take great risks in undergoing the venture. However, conquering the mountain remains one of the greatest feats of man, and is a hugely popular challenge for anyone really looking to test their mettle.

Sunday, November 29, 2015

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World


អច្ឆរិយៈវត្ថុទាំងប្រាំពីរសម័យបុរាណកាល
អច្ឆរិយៈវត្ថុទាំងប្រាំពីរសម័យបុរាណកាលគឺជាសំណង់ដែលមានលក្ខណៈល្អប្រណិតគួរឲ្យស្ញប់ស្ញែងដែលត្រូវ
បានកំណត់ដោយអ្នកបុរាណវិទ្យា និងនិពន្ធកំណាព្យជនជាតិគ្រិច(Greek)ម្នាក់ឈ្មោះAntipater និងបានដាក់ឈ្មោះ អ្វីដែល គាត់សរសេរនៅចន្លោះឆ្នាំ១៤០មុនគ.ស(២១៥៥ឆ្នាំមុន)នោះថា Antipater of Sidon’s  Seven Wonders of the World។   សំណង់ទាំងនោះភាគច្រើនត្រូវបានបាត់ រូបរាងអស់ហើយដោយសារសង្គ្រាម និងគ្រោះធម្មជាតិ។
The seven wonders are amazing feats of construction which show the sheer will and determination of ancient societies.

 
By the sheer number of lists found online, we know that people love to rank items. We have proof that this is an ancient tradition, as there are numerous references in ancient texts to Greek poet Antipater of Sidon’s Seven Wonders of the World. Antipater, who came from a city that still exists in modern Lebanon, wrote his list around 140 BCE, so we know that the first notice is at least 2155 years old.​ There have been countless lists of the most amazing buildings and structures of man’s creation since the days of Antipater. Because the items on the lists tend to vary, none truly can claim to be "the" definitive seven wonders of the world. The original Greek list is agreed upon more than the others, so we’ll agree with the experts and use the original Seven Wonders of the World.
Focused on the world that was known at the time, these wonders are part of an amazing journey across varied cultures and civilizations, and show the sheer will and determination of these ancient societies to honor their gods and create lasting impact on their world. While huge in scope and size, time and nature has taken its toll on the massive undertakings and only one of the wonders still stands. This is our version of the world’s oldest list article, the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World:
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

An artist's representation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon​Claimed to have been constructed by the Babylonians near the Euphrates River in what we now know as Iraq, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon had outer walls that were 56 miles long, 80 feet thick, and 320 feet high, although archaeological finds have never corroborated. The upkeep alone would have been incredible, involving an irrigation system made up of a pump, waterwheel, and cisterns in order to bring water up from the river up into the air.​ Built in 600 BCE, allegedly as a way for King Nebuchadnezzar II to assuage his wife’s homesickness for her native Media (what is now the northwestern part of Iraq and south east Turkey), it was likely destroyed by an earthquake after the first century BCE. With no certain location known for these massive gardens, modern scholars are uncertain as to whether they actually existed.
Statue of Zeus at Olympia

The ruins of the Sanctuary of Olympia in Olympia, Greece At about 40 feet tall, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia was a giant seated figure of the Greek god Zeus, which occupied the entire width of the aisle of the Sanctuary of Olympia, Greece. This sanctuary was built just to house the amazing statue.
Decorated with gold and ivory, it was almost tall enough to touch the top of the temple. Built by Greek sculptor Phidias in 435 BCE, it stood for eight centuries, until Christian priests closed the temple during the fourth century CE. No record exists of what happened to the statue, but it is believed that it was disassembled and moved to Constantinople where it ultimately was destroyed by fire in the fifth and sixth centuries CE.
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
An artist's representation of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus The Mausoleum of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, was a tomb built for Mausolus, the satrap, or governor, of a Persian territory which lies in the western part of modern Turkey. Built by Persians and Greeks in 351 BCE, the tomb stood approximately 135 feet tall. The complex, a tripled-layered structure made of white marble is thought by many to have incorporated Lycian, Greek, and Egyptian architectural styles. The 60-foot base of stone steps, led up to 36 lonic columns, and a 24 level pyramid-shaped roof that was topped by a statue of 4 horses pulling a chariot. It is no wonder why this massive tomb is credited with being the origin of the word "mausoleum." Several earthquakes rocked the structure over the centuries, but a massive quake in 1494 CE demolished the building, although its remains were used later to fortify a nearby castle structure.
Temple of Artemis

Columns and walls of the Temple of Artemis uncovered by archeologists
The construction of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was started by Croesus of Lydia and took 120 years to build. Built in Ephesus, a Greek city in what is now Turkey, the temple consisted of a series of altars and temples. The temple was destroyed multiple times by flood, arson, and invasion, and rebuilt at least three times in its original location.
In 401 CE, the temple was destroyed for the final time by a mob led by Christian bishop St. John Chrysostom. Remains were eventually discovered in 1869 CE by an expedition led by John Turtle Wood who found the columns of the temple buried on the bottom of the Cayster River.
Lighthouse of Alexandria

Ruins of the Alexandrian Lighthouse in the bottom of the Alexandria Harbor – unesco.org.  With a height somewhere between 390 feet and 450 feet, the Lighthouse of Alexandria (also called the Pharos of Alexandria) was one of the tallest manmade structures on earth for many centuries. Built in the City of Alexandria, Egypt in the third century BCE by the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Hellenistic Egypt, and designed by Greek architect Sostratos, it was used to help guide ships in and out of the Nile River harbor. During his invasion of Egypt, Roman general Julius Caesar wrote about the strategic importance of the lighthouse for control of the city's harbor.
Archaeologists have discovered ancient coins that depicted the lighthouse, and from these have come to the conclusion that it was likely a three-tiered structure that included a square level at the base, an octagonal level in the middle, and a top that was cylindrical. Above it stood a statue that was 16-feet fall and most likely was a representation of Ptolemy II or Alexander the Great. Three earthquakes led to its destruction and the remains were used to build the Citadel of Qaitbay in its place in the 13th century. In 1994, French archaeologists found remains of the lighthouse on the bottom of Alexandria harbor, and divers can visit the ruins today, one of the few of the seven wonders that we can still visit.
Colossus of Rhodes

An engraving depicting the original Colossus of Rhodes (back right) and the dismantlement by scavengers – wikipedia.org A giant statue of the Greek titan-god Helios, the Colossus of Rhodes, stood approximately the same size as the Statue of Liberty in New York, which stands 151 feet from base to torch. It was designed by the sculptor Chares of Lindos, and at 100 feet high, it was the tallest statue of its time. It was believed to have been a representations of the sun god standing in the nude, lifting a torch in one hand and holding a spear in the other. Built in Hellenistic Greece around 292 - 280 BCE, it was destroyed by the great earthquake of 226 BC. Centuries after its destruction, an Arab force confiscated the remains after invading Rhodes, selling any remaining metal as scrap and erasing evidence of the true location of the statue.
The Great Pyramid of Giza

The pyramids at Giza, with Khufu, the "Great Pyramid" in the center. The only wonder to survive until modern times, the Great Pyramid of Giza was built around 2650 - 2500 BCE by the Ancient Egyptians, as one of a series of royal tombs. Near Giza, Egypt, there are three large pyramids: Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura. By far, Khufu is the most impressive and as such, earned it the title of The Great Pyramid. It covers 13 acres of desert and is estimated to contain some 2 million stone blocks weighing in at a hefty 2 to 30 tons apiece. At the time when it was built, it was even more impressive, covered by a layer of smooth white stone and possibly a solid gold capstone on top, both of which have been looted long ago. 

Scientists speculate that log rollers and sledges were used to move stones into place. Although narrow corridors and hidden chambers were included on the inside to stop looters and grave robbers, modern archaeologists believe most of the hidden treasures within were stolen not long after construction.

Friday, November 27, 2015

Top 12 Benefits of Trees (សារៈប្រយោជន៍ទាំង១២យ៉ាងនៃដើមឈើ)



1. ដើមឈើជួយកាត់បន្ថយបំរែបំរួលអាកាសធាតុ
ឧស្ម័នកាបូនិច(CO2)កើតចេញពីកត្តាជាច្រើននៃទង្វើរបស់មនុស្សសត្វ និងនាំឲ្យមានបំរែបំរួល
អាកាសធាតុ។ដើមឈើស្រូបយកឧស្ម័នCO2 និង បញ្ចេញមកវិញនូវឧស្ម័នអុកហ្សីសែន សម្រាប់មនុស្ស។ ក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំដើមឈើដែល មានក្នុងផ្ទៃដីមួយអា(Acre) អាចស្រូបយក ឧស្ម័នCO2 ដែលចេញពីរថយន្តបើកបរក្នុង ចំងាយ26,000 miles

     2.     ដើមឈើជួយសម្អាតខ្យល់ និងផ្តល់អុកហ្សីសែន
ដើមឈើស្រូបយកឧស្ម័នពុលដូចជា អាស៊ីតនីដ្រូសែន (nitrogen oxides) អាម៉ូញាក់ (ammonia) 
ស្ពាន់ធ័រឌីអុកស៊ីត (sulfur dioxide) និងឧស្ម័ន អូហ្សូន O3 (ozone)។ក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំដើមឈើដែល មានក្នុងផ្ទៃដីមួយអា(Acre) អាចផ្តល់អុកហ្សី សែន (O2) គ្រប់គ្រាន់សម្រាប់មនុស្ស18នាក់។

      3.      ដើមឈើបន្ថយកំដៅដងផ្លូវ និងទីក្រុង
ទីក្រុងតែងតែក្តៅជាងទីជនបទគឺដោយសារតែ ឧស្ម័នផ្ទះកញ្ចក់(កើតចេញពីម៉ាស៊ីនត្រជាក់ និងឧស្ម័នCO2នៃផ្សែងរថយន្ត) សំណង់អាគារ បេតុង និងដងផ្លូវបានស្រូបយកកំដៅពីព្រះអាទិត្យ និងធ្វើឲ្យកំដៅកើនឡើង ដើមឈើជួយធ្វើឲ្យ កំដៅថយចុះប្រមាណជា10°F (10°F= -12.22°C)

     4.     ដើមឈើជួយកាត់បន្ថយការប្រើប្រាស់ថាមពល ទឹក និងសំណឹកដី
តាមរយៈការស្រាវជ្រាវ ដើមឈើបីដើមដែលមាននៅជុំវិញផ្ទះអាចធ្វើឲ្យត្រជាក់ និងកាត់បន្ថយ
ការប្រើប្រាស់ម៉ាស៊ីនត្រជាក់បានប្រហែល50%។ ដើមឈើជួយធ្វើឲ្យបរិយាកាសជុំវិញផ្ទះមាន
សំនើម និងមានបរិយាកាសត្រជាក់។ ម្លប់នៃដើមឈើជួយកាត់បន្ថយរំហួតទឹក ឬសដើមឈើ
ជួយរក្សាលំនឹងទឹកក្នុងដី និងការហូរច្រោះដី។

      5.      ដើមឈើជាខែលការពារក្មេងពីកាំរស្មីអាលត្រាវីយូលេត (ultra-violet rays)
     កាំរស្មីអាលត្រាវីយូលេត (ultra-violet rays) ជាមូលហេតុ ចំបងនៃជំងឺមហារីកស្បែក។ ដើមឈើជួយកាត់បន្ថយ កាំរស្មីUV-B ប្រមាណ50% ពីកាំរស្មីព្រះអាទិត្យ នេះជា មូលហេតុដែលនៅតាមសាលានៃប្រទេសជឿនលឿនតែង តែមានដាំដើមឈើតាមទីធ្លាសាលាដែលអាចឲ្យក្មេងអាច រត់លេងហាលថ្ងៃបានជាច្រើនម៉ោងដោយមិនបារម្មណ៍ ពីកាំរស្មី UV


      6.      ដើមឈើផ្តល់នូវអាហារសម្រាប់មនុស្ស សត្វ និងបង្កើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចគ្រួសារ
ប្រភេទដើមឈើមួយចំនួនផ្តល់នូវផ្លែឈើដែលជាតម្រូវការរបស់មនុស្ស សត្វ។ នៅប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុប គេចូលចិត្តដាំដើមប៉ោមដែលអាចផ្ដល់ផលពេញមួយឆ្នាំ ចំនែកប្រជាជនអាស៊ីក៏ដូចជាកម្ពុជា យើងតែងមានដាំដើមឈើហូបផ្លែ និងបន្លែបង្ការនៅជុំវិញផ្ទះដែលបានជួយដល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចគ្រួសារ បានប្រហែល15% ។ 

     7.     ដើមឈើ រឺរុក្ខជាតិមួយចំនួនជាថ្នាំព្យាបាលជំងឺ
តាំងពីបុរាណរហូតមកដល់បច្ចុប្បន្ន អ្នកវិជ្ជសាស្រ្ត និងអ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវថ្នាំពេទ្យនៅតែពឹងផ្អែកដើម ឈើ រឺរុក្ខជាតិមួយចំនួនយកមកធ្វើជាឪសថសម្រាប់ព្យាបាលជំងឺ។ ប្រជាជនកម្ពុជាយើងមួយ ចំនួនធំនៅតែជឿជាក់លើឪសថបុរាណដែលកើតចេញពីរុក្ខជាតិមកធ្វើជាថ្នាំព្យាបាលជំងឺ និង តែងតែមានដាំរុក្ខជាតិថ្នាំទាំងនោះនៅតាមផ្ទះដើម្បីការពារពេលមានជំងឺឈឺថ្កាត់ម្តងម្កាល។ 

8.     ដាំដើមឈើធ្វើជារបងផ្ទះ និងកាត់បន្ថយហានិភ័យ
ដើមឈើត្រូវបានយកមកដាំធ្វើជារបងផ្ទះបង្កើតសោភ័ណភាពបៃតង និងកាត់បន្ថយហានិភ័យ មួយចំនួនសម្រាប់ផ្ទះដែលនៅជាប់មាត់ផ្លូវពេលមានគ្រោះថ្នាក់ចរាចរណ៍មួយចំនួនដែលអាចយក
ដើមឈើមកធ្វើជារនាំងបាន។ ដើមឈើក៏ជាគ្រឿងបង្ហាញពីរដូវកាល(រដូវរងារ ស្លឹកឈើជ្រុះ រដូវ
ប្រាំង) រឺពេលមានខ្យល់ព្យុះនានាដែលអាចជួយទប់ស្កាត់កំលំាំងខ្យល់បាន។

      9.      ដើមឈើនាំឲ្យមានបរិយាកាស និងទំនាក់ទំនងល្អ
ដើមឈើជាទីជំរកសម្រាប់មនុស្សសត្វនៅ ពេលថ្ងៃក្តៅនិងជាកន្លែងជួបជុំគ្នាពេលសម្រាក ពីការងាររបស់មនុស្ស។ ប្រជាជនអ៊ឺរ៉ុបចូលចិត្ត សម្រាកវិស្សមកាលរឺសម្រាកចុងសប្តាហ៍ជា លក្ខណះគ្រួសារនៅក្រោមដើមឈើរឺទីធ្លារ សួនច្បារសាធារណះដែលជាកន្លែងក្មេងអាច រត់លេងបាន។ សិស្សនិសិត្សចូលចិត្តអាន សៀវភៅ រឺធ្វើមេរៀនជាក្រុមនៅក្រោមម្លប់ដើម ឈើដែលជាកន្លែងត្រជាក់ និងមានខ្យល់បរិសុទ្ធល្អ។

      10.  ដើមឈើជាជំរកដ៏សុខសាន្តរបស់សត្វព្រៃ
សត្វព្រៃរស់នៅដោយពឹងផ្អែកលើធម្មជាតិដោយរួមទាំងជំរកនិងអាហារ។ ព្រៃឈើក៏ជាសម្បត្តិ 
យ៉ាងស្តុកស្តម្ភសម្រាប់ បងប្អូនជនជាតិដើមដែលរស់នៅ និងពឹងផ្អែកលើអនុផលធនធានធម្មជាតិ
ក្នុងព្រៃផងដែរ។

      11.  ដើមឈើផលិតនូវថាមពល និងសម្ភារៈបរិក្ខារសម្រាប់មនុស្ស
ប្រជាជនកម្ពុជាយើងភាគច្រើននៅតែពឹងផ្អែកដើមឈើយកមកធ្វើជាអុសដើម្បីដាំស្លរ យកមកធ្វើ
ជាគ្រឿងសំណង់ដើម្បីសង់ផ្ទះ គ្រឿងសង្ហារឹម។ រុក្ខជាតិមួយចំនួនទៀតត្រូវបានដាំដុះជាដំណាំ កសិឧស្សាហកម្មបំរើដល់វិស័យឧស្សាហកម្មដូចជាកៅស៊ូ ដូងប្រេង ដំឡូងមី ល្ហុងខ្វង់ជាដើមត្រូវ បានចំរាញជាថាមពលបំរើដល់គ្រឿងយន្ត និងថាមពលសម្រាប់មនុស្សប្រើប្រាស់។

      12.  ដើមឈើជួយសម្រួលដល់ចរាចរណ៍
តាមរយៈការសិក្សាពីអ្នកជំនាញផ្នែកចរាចរណ៍ បានបង្ហាញថាការដាំដើមឈើសងខាងផ្លូវបាន ជួយកាត់បន្ថយហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះថ្នាក់ចរាចរណ៍ ជាច្រើនជួយធ្វើឲ្យដងផ្លូវមានសោភ័ណភាព ស្រស់ស្អាត កាត់បន្ថយកំដៅ និងអាចជាជំរក អ្នកថ្មើរជើងផងដែរ។ 

ការដាំដើមឈើឡើងវិញជាគោលការណ៍ចំបងដែលមនុស្សជាតិត្រូវតែធ្វើដើម្បីតបស្នងនូវអ្វីដែល
ធម្មជាតិផ្តល់ឲ្យយើង។ កំដៅផែនដីបានកើនឡើងប្រមាណ2% ក្នុងសម័យកាលឧស្សាហកម្មនេះ ដែលធ្វើ ឲ្យផែនដីមានបំរែបំរួលអាកាសធាតុជាខ្លាំងដោយសារតែគ្មានគម្របធម្មជាតិ ការពារផែន ដី។ ប្រទេសក្រីក្រដែលពឹងផ្អែកវិស័យកសិកម្មនឹងទទួលរងផលប៉ះពាល់ខ្លាំងជាងគេពិសេស គឺ ប្រទេសកម្ពុជាយើងតែម្តងដោយសារតែមិនទាន់បន្សុំនឹងអាកាសធាតុក្តៅខ្លាំង បញ្ហាទឹកជំនន់ ភាពរាំងស្ងួត សំនឹកដី និងការធ្វើកសិកម្មប្រវាស់មេឃ ។